class 10th chemistry chapter acid base and salt

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Chapter - Acids, Bases and Salts
• What is an acid?
Answer: An acid is a compound in which there must be a replaceable hydrogen. Which can be completely or partially displaced by any metal.
Example: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

An acid is a compound that gives hydrogen ions in aqueous solution.

Such substances which are sour in taste and corrosive in nature are called acids. 

Note :
1. Acids are easily corroded.
2. Concentrated acid can cut fabric and destroy anything.
3. In contact with skin, it can cause severe irritation.
4. Acids are good conductors of electricity.

• Identification of acid :-
1. It turns blue litmus paper or solution red.
2. Its taste is sour.
3. It dissolves in water to give hydrogen ions.
4. Dilute acids react with metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas.
Example: Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2
5. It reacts with alkali to form salt and water.
Example: HCl + NaOH ⟶ NaCl + H2O



๐Ÿ“• Type of acid 

1. Mineral Acids :- Such acids which are prepared from the minerals present in the earth's crust are called mineral acids.
For example
1. Hydrochloric acid
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเค•्เคฒोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
{HCl}

2. Nitric acid
(เคจाเค‡เคŸ्เคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
 {HNO3}

3. Sulfuric Acid
(เคธเคฒ्เคซ्เคฏूเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
{H2SO4}

4. Phosphoric acid
(เคซॉเคธ्เคซोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
{H3PO4}

5. Boric acid
(เคฌोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
{H3BO4}

6. Hydrobromic acid
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเคฌ्เคฐोเคฎिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
{HBr}

7. Hydroiodic acid
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเค†เคฏोเคกिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
{HI}

8. Hydrofluoric acid
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเคซ्เคฒोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
{HF}

9. Perchloric acid
(เคชเคฐเค•्เคฒोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)
{HClO4}

2. Organic Acids :- Such acids which are produced by plants and animals are called organic acids.
For example
Name of acid  Formula Source  
Latic acid
(เคฒैเคŸिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		C2H4OHCOOHเค–เคŸ्เคŸा เคฆूเคง/เคฆเคนी
Acetic acid
(เคเคธीเคŸिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		CH3COOHเคธिเคฐเค•ा
Formic acid
(เคซॉเคฐ्เคฎिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HCOOHเคšींเคŸी เค•ा เคœเคนเคฐ
Citric acid
(เคธिเคŸ्เคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		C6H8O7เค–เคŸ्เคŸे เคซเคฒ, เคœैเคธे เคจींเคฌू, เคธंเคคเคฐा 
Oxalic acid
(เค‘เค•्เคœेเคฒिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		H2C2O4เคชाเคฒเค•
Butyric acid
(เคฌ्เคฏूเคŸ्เคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		CH3CH2CH2-COOHเคฆूเคง , เคฎเค•्เค–เคจ
Lauric acid
(เคฒॉเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		CH3(CH2)10COOHเคจाเคฐिเคฏเคฒ
Malic acid
(เคฎौเคฒिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HO2C2H2C2H3O3เค–เคŸ्เคŸे เคธेเคฌ, เค–เคŸ्เคŸे เค…ंเค—ूเคฐ
Tartaric acid
(เคŸाเคฐ्เคŸเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		C4H6O6เค…ंเค—ूเคฐ, เค‡เคฎเคฒी, เค…เคจाเคจाเคธ
Erucic acid
(เค‡เคฐूเคธिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		CH3(CH2)7CHเคฐेเคชเคธीเคก เคคेเคฒ, เคธเคฐเคธों เค•ा เคคेเคฒl 


3. Weak acid :- Such acids that do not dissociate completely in solution are called Weak acid . 
For example 
Serial No. Weak acid NameFormula 
1.Benzoic acid
(เคฌेंเคœ़ोเค‡เค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		C6H5COOH
2.Acetic acid
(เคเคธीเคŸिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		CH3COOH
3.Formic acid
(เคซॉเคฐ्เคฎिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HCOOH
4.Hydrofluoric acid
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเคซ्เคฒोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HF
5.Oxalic acid
(เค‘เค•्เคœेเคฒिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		H2C2O4
6.Nitrous acid
(เคจाเค‡เคŸ्เคฐเคธ เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HNO2
7.Sulfurous acid
(เคธเคฒ्เคซ्เคฏूเคฐเคธ เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		H2SO3
8.Phosphoric acid
(เคซॉเคธ्เคซोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		H3PO4
9.Hydrogen Sulfate ion
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเคœเคจ เคธเคฒ्เคซेเคŸ เค†เคฏเคจ)		HSO4
10Methenoic acid
(เคฎेเคฅेเคจोเค‡เค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		 HCO2H

4. Strong acid :-  Such acids that dissociate completely in solution are called Strong acid . 
For example 
เค•्เคฐเคฎ. เคธंเค–्เคฏाเคช्เคฐเคฌเคฒ เค…เคฎ्เคฒเคธूเคค्เคฐ 
1.Hydrochloric acid
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเค•्เคฒोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HCl
2.Hydrobromic acid
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเคฌ्เคฐोเคฎिเค• เค…เคฎเคฒ)		HBr
3.Hydroiodic acid
(เคนाเค‡เคก्เคฐोเค†เคฏोเคกिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HI
4.Sulfuric acid
(เคธเคฒ्เคซ्เคฏूเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		H2SO4
5.Nitric acid
(เคจाเค‡เคŸ्เคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HNO3
6.Chloric acid
(เค•्เคฒोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HClO3
7.Perchloric acid
(เคชเคฐเค•्เคฒोเคฐिเค• เค…เคฎ्เคฒ)		HClO4



 


๐Ÿ“•Apart from these, there are other types of acid which are as follows: 

1.Dilute acid 
2. Concentrated acid
3. Organic acid 
4. Inorganic acid

1. Dilute acid :- Such an acid in which the amount of acid is less and the amount of water is more, it is called dilute acid.
Eg :- Dilute HCl, Dilute H2SO4

2. Concentrated acid :- Such an acid in which the amount of acid is more and the amount of water is less, it is called concentrated acid.
Eg :- concentrated HCl, concentrated H2SO4

3. Carbonic acid {Organic acid}:- An acid which contains carbon in addition to hydrogen is called carbonic acid.
Eg :- H2CO3 , CH3 , COOH , HCOOH

4. Inorganic acid :- An acid which does not contain carbon is called inorganic acid.
Eg :- HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4
Note :-
1. Carbonic acid exists in both solid and liquid state at ordinary temperature.
2. Inorganic acids remain in liquid state at ordinary temperature. 

๐Ÿ–Š Write the physical properties of acid.
Answer: Following are the physical properties of acids.
1. Its taste is sour.
2. Its smell is pungent.
3. It burns the leather.
4. Inorganic acids remain in liquid state at ordinary temperature.
5. Inorganic acids remain in liquid state at ordinary temperature.

๐Ÿ–Š Write the chemical properties of acid.
Answer: Following are the chemical properties of acids.
1. Metals react with dilute acids to produce salt and hydrogen gas.
Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2
Note: Hg, Cu, Ag, Au do not react with dilute acids.

2. All metal carbonates and metal bicarbonates react with acids to form the corresponding salt, carbon dioxide gas and water.
CaCO3(metal carbonate) + HCl(acid) ⟶ CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
NaHCO3(metallic bicarbonate) + HCl(acid) ⟶ NaCl + CO2 + H2O

3. Acid reacts with base to form salt and water.
NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
2KOH + H2SO4 ⟶ K2SO4 + 2H2O

4. Acids react with metal oxides to form salt and water.
CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O
CuO + 2HCl ⟶ CuCl2+ H2O

Phosphic poison = CHCl3 (chloroform)
bluestone / Blue vitriol = CuSO4

๐Ÿ–Š Write the uses of acid.
Answer: Following are the uses of acid.
1. They are used to clean jewellery.
2. They are used to clean the bathroom.
3. They are used in the manufacture of fire extinguishers.
4. Used to clean light stains.
5. They are used in making colors.
6. They are used in the manufacture of storage batteries.
7. They are used in refining petroleum.
8. HNO3 is used in making explosives. 

Alkali / Base
๐Ÿ–Š What is base?
Answer: Oxides and hydroxides of a metal are called bases.
sodium oxide = Na2O
calcium oxide = CaO
sodium hydroxide = NaOH

๐Ÿ–Š What is alkali?
Answer: Such an base which dissolves in water is called alkali.
sodium hydroxide = NaOH
Potassium Hydroxide = KOH

Identification of base:
The identity of the base is as follows.
1. It turns red litmus paper blue.
2. Its taste is pungent.
3. It has smoothness like soap.
4. It dissolves in water to give OH ions.
5. It reacts with acid to form salt and water.
NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
Note: All alkalis can be called base but not all bases can be called alkaline.

Physical properties of alkali:
Following are the physical properties of alkali.
1. Its taste is pungent.
2. Its aqueous solution is soapy to the touch.
3. It is usually colourless.
4. All bases are odorous. {except ammonium hydroxide = NH4OH}
5. Some bases dissolve in water and some are insoluble.

Chemical properties of alkali:
Following are the chemical properties of alkali.
1. Some alkalis react with metals to liberate hydrogen.
Zn + NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2

2. A base reacts with a particular salt to form hydroxide and salt.
FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⟶ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl

3. On boiling a base with ammonium chloride, the salt, ammonia gas and water are split.
  NaOH + NH4Cl ⟶ NaCl + NH3 + H2 O

4. Bases react with metallic oxides to form salt and water.
2NaOH + CO2 ⟶ 2NaCO3 + H2O

5. A base reacts with an acid to form salt and water.
NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
2KOH + H2SO4 ⟶ K2SO4 + 2H2O

๐Ÿ–Š Write the uses of base.
Answer: Following are the uses of base.
1. It is used for painting the house.
For example: (CaO is used to paint houses)

2. It is used to remove the hardness of water.
For example: (CaO is used to remove the hardness of water)

3. It is used to kill germs present in water.
Like :(CaO is used to kill germs present in water)

4. It is used to make water pure.
For example: {Al(OH)3 is used to make water pure}

5. It is used in making glass.
For example: {CuO is used in making glass}

6. It is used in making soap.
For example: {NaOh is used in making soap}

7. It is used in making medicine.
eg: { MgO is used to make the medicine }

8. It is used in making bleaching powder.
Example:{ Ca(OH)2 is used in making bleaching powder}

9. It is used in making white paint.
For example: {ZnO is used to make white paint}

10. It is used in making cement.
Example: {Al2O3 is used in making cement}

Salt
๐Ÿ–Š What is salt?
Answer: A salt is a compound formed by partially or completely replacing the replaceable hydrogen atoms of an acid by a metal or any other substance that acts like a metal.

Identification of Salts:
  The following are the identities of the salts.
1. Common salt has no effect on litmus.
2. Acidic salts turn blue litmus paper or solution red.
3. Alkaline salts turn red litmus paper or solution blue.

๐Ÿ–Š Write the uses of salt.
Answer: Following are the uses of salt.
1. It is used in food substances.
For example: {NaCl is used in food substances.}

2. It is used to clean clothes.
For example: {Na2CO3 is used to clean clothes.}

3. It is used in making medicine.
For example: {NaHCO3 is used in making medicine.}

Types of Salts:
The following are the types of salts.
1. Normal salt
2. Acidic Salt
3. Basic Salt

1. Normal Salt: - Such a salt in which the replaceable hydrogen atom or hydroxyl group is not present. That is, the one who is neutral is called common salt.
eg: NaCl, Na2SO4, KNO3, NaCO3, NH4Cl

2. Acidic Salt :- Such a salt in which replaceable hydrogen atom or hydroxyl group is present. That is, in which the quality of acid is found, it is called acidic salt.
eg: NaHSO4, NaHCO3, NH4HSO4

3. Basic salt:- Such an acid which has the property of alkali is called alkaline salt.
Like :- Ca(OH)Cl , Mg(OH)Cl , Ba(OH)Cl

Bleaching Powder

๐Ÿ–Š Write the chemical name and formula of bleaching powder.
Answer: The chemical name of bleaching powder is "calcium chloro hypochloride".
The chemical formula is Ca(OCl)Cl.

๐Ÿ–Š Mention the method of making bleaching powder.
Answer :- By passing chlorine gas on dry slaked lime at 40⁰ C, bleaching powder is obtained.
eg :- Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⟶ Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O

๐Ÿ–Š Write the properties of bleaching powder.
Answer: Following are the properties of bleaching powder.
1. It is a light yellow white powder.
2. It smells like Cl.
3. It is a temporary compound.
4. It is decomposed by atmospheric moisture and CO2.
  Ca(OCl)Cl + CO2 ⟶ CaCO3 + Cl2
5. Cl2 gas comes out from it when left open in the air.
6. It reacts with dilute acids to form Cl2.
Ca(OCl)Cl + 2HCl ⟶ CaCl2 + Cl2 + H2O

๐Ÿ–Š Write the uses of bleaching powder.
Answer: Following are the uses of bleaching powder.
1. It is used for bleaching paper and clothes.
2. It is used as an insecticide.
3. It is used in the manufacture of O2 , Cl2 , and CHCl3 (chlorophyme).
4. It is used as an oxidizing agent in chemical industries.

Plaster of Paris
๐Ÿ–Š Write the chemical name and formula of Plaster of Paris.
Answer: The chemical name of Plaster of Paris is "Calcium Sulphate Semihydrate".
The chemical formula is CasO4, 1/2 H2O.
or (CaSO4)2 ,  H2O.

๐Ÿ–Š What is Plaster of Paris?
Answer: Plaster of Paris is a quick setting gypsum plaster made of a fine white powder (calcium sulphate semihydrate) which hardens when wet and allowed to dry.
Gypsum is found in the mountain of Paris "Paris Mont Martre". That's why it is called Plaster of Paris.

๐Ÿ–Š Mention the method of making Plaster of Paris.
Answer: Plaster of Paris is formed when gypsum is heated to 373 K or 100 C.
(CaSO4)2 , 2H2O ⟶ CaSO4 , 1/2 H2O + 3/2 H2O

๐Ÿ–Š Write the properties of Plaster of Paris.
Answer: Following are the properties of Plaster of Paris.
1. It is bright.
2. It reacts with water to form gypsum which is hard and porous.
CaSO4 , 1/2 H2O + 3/2 H2O ⟶ (CaSO4)2 , 2H2O

๐Ÿ–Š Write the uses of Plaster of Paris.
Answer: Following are the uses of Plaster of Paris.
1. It is used for making plaster of bones.
2. It is used for making mold of idols.
3. It is used in laboratories to seal pores.
4. It is used as fire proof .
5. It is used to make a surface smooth.

๐Ÿ–Š What is water of crystallisation?
Answer: The definite number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt is called water of crystallisation.
As :
Blue vitriol = CuSO4 , 5H2O
Washing soda = Na2CO3 , 10H2O
Epsom salts = MgSO4 , 7H2O
Glauber's salt = Na2SO4 , 10H2O

๐Ÿ–Š What is hydrated salt?
Answer: A salt which contains water of crystallisation is called a hydrated salt.
As :
CuSO4, 5H2O
Na2CO3, 10H2O

๐Ÿ–Š What is called Anhydrous Salt?
Answer: On heating a hydrated salt, the water of crystallisation present in it comes out. The salt obtained in this way is called Anhydrous salt.

๐Ÿ–Š Why do some salts rot?
Answer: According to the hypothesis of chemical affinity, some salts have great affinity for water. Therefore, if they are left open in the air, they start sweating by absorbing water vapor from the air.
As :
NaCl, CaCl2

๐Ÿ–Š Write the chemical name and chemical formula of baking soda / sweet soda / eating soda.
Answer :- Chemical name - Sodium Bicarbonate / Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
Chemical Formula - NaHCO3

๐Ÿ–Š Describe the method of making baking soda.
Answer: When CO2 and NH3 gas are passed through an aqueous solution of NaCl, NaHCO3 is formed.
As :
  NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 ⟶ NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

Second method -

When CO2 gas is passed through an aqueous solution of Na2CO3, NaHCO3 is formed.
As :
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 ⟶ 2NaHCO3

๐Ÿ–Š Write the properties of NaHCO3.
Answer: Following are the properties of NaHCO3.
1. It is a crystalline white solid.
2. It is less soluble in water.
3. It is alkaline.
4. On heating it, Na2CO3 water and CO2 are obtained.

๐Ÿ–Š Write the uses of NaHCO3.
Answer: Following are the uses of NaHCO3.
1. It is used in making baking powder.
2. It is used as a medicine.
3. It is used in making soda water.
4. It is used in making fruit salt.
5. It is used in making alcohol.

๐Ÿ–Š Write the chemical name and chemical formula of washing soda.
Answer :- Chemical name - Sodium carbonate
Chemical Formula - Na2CO3,10 H2O

๐Ÿ–Š Describe the method of making washing soda.
Answer :- Washing soda is manufactured by Salve method. NaHCO3 is obtained by this method with the help of NaCl and NH3.
eg: NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 ⟶ NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Now the obtained NaHCO3 is heated to get Na2CO3,10H2O.
Example: NaHCO3 ⟶ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

๐Ÿ–Š Write the properties of Na2CO3.
Answer: Following are the properties of Na2CO3.
1. This aqueous solution is basic.
2. It neutralizes the acid and CO2 gas is obtained as a result of the reaction.
Example: Na2CO3 + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O + CO2
3. On heating it intensely, it becomes anhydrous . Which is called Soda Ash.
Ex: Na2CO3,10 H2O ⟶ Na2CO3 + 10H2O
4. By leaving it open in the air, it gives up water and forms sodium carbonate monohydrate.
For example :- Na2CO3, 10 H2O ⟶ Na2CO3, H2O + 9H2O
5. NaHCO3 is formed when CO2 is passed through a solution of Na2CO3.
For example :- Na2CO3 CO2 ⟶ 2NaHCO3

๐Ÿ–Š Write the uses of Na2CO3.
Answer: Following are the uses of Na2CO3.
1. It is used to clean clothes.
2. It is used in paper industry.
3. It is used to remove permanent turbidity of water.
4. It is used in making caustic soda (NaOH) icing (Na2B4O7).
5. It is used in making soap.
6. It is used in making glass.

๐Ÿ–Š What is soda ash  called?
Answer:  Na2CO3, 10H2O heated vigorously, the anhydrous Na2CO3 obtained is called soda ash.
Ex: Na2CO3,10 H2O ⟶ Na2CO3 + 10H2O

๐Ÿ–Š What is Efflorescence ?
Answer: The process of liberation of crystallization water in the air is called Efflorescence.
For example :- Na2CO3, 10 H2O ⟶ Na2CO3, H2O + 9H2O
Dear Asif Sir

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