Page 170 - Class 10 Chemistry Chapter Carbon and its compound Notes

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Chapter -  Carbon and its compound

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🖊 Organic compound:- A compound which contains absolutely carbon is called carbonic compound.

But CO, CO2 and CO3 are not included in it.

Note- Nowadays mainly compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives form carbonic compounds.

Carbonic compounds are of two types -

(1) Aliphatic compound or open chain compound

(ii) Cyclic compound or closed chained compound

(i) Open chain compound - A carbonic compound in whose molecule the carbon atom combines with other atoms to form only a straight chain is called open chain compound.

eg- C4H10

(ii) Cyclic compound - A carbonic compound in whose molecule the carbon atom combines with other atoms to form at least one cycle or ring is called a cyclic compound.

eg-

There are two types of open chain compounds –

(i) Straight open chain compound

(ⅱ) Branched open chain compound

(i) Straight open chain compound:- The straight chain compound in which there is only one straight chain is called straight chain compound.

Example- Normal Butane (C4H10)

(ii) Branched open chain compound:- An open chain which has more than one straight chain is called a branched chain compound.

  Example- isobutane - C4H6

Cyclic compounds consist of two pairs.

  (1) Homo cyclic compound or carbo cyclic compound

(ii) Hetero cyclic compound

(1) Homo cyclic compound:- A cyclic compound in which the cycle is formed only by carbon atoms is called homo cyclic compound.

Like:- Toluin

(ⅱ) Hetero cycle compound:- A cyclic compound in which the cycle is formed by one or more atoms of elements other than C atoms like N, O, S etc. is called hetero cyclic compound. .

As:-

Hydrocarbon 

🖊 Hydro carbon:- A carbonic compound which contains only hydrogen and carbon is called hydrocarbon.

Example: Methane (CH4), Ethylene (C2H4), Acetylene (C2H2)

🖊 There are two types of hydrocarbons -

  (1) Saturated Hydro carbon

(ii) Unsaturated Hydro carbon

(1) Saturated Hydrocarbon:- A hydrocarbon in which there is only a single covalent bond between the carbon atoms. It is called saturated hydrocarbon.
 as :- Propane (C3H8)

(ii) Unsaturated Hydrocarbon:- A hydrocarbon in which there is a double covalent bond or triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms and a single covalent bond between other carbon atoms is called unsaturated hydrocarbon.

as :- Propylene (C3H6)

🖊 There are two types of unsaturated hydrocarbons. 

(1) Alkene – Alkyne (ii) Alkyne – Alkyne

(1) Alkene :- An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which there is a double covalent bond between only two carbon atoms and a single covalent bond between other carbon atoms is called Alkene.

as :- butelene - butylene

(ii) Alkyne :- An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which there is triple covalent bond between only two carbon atoms and single covalent bond between all the others.

as :- Pentyne (C5H8)

Apart from these, there are two other hydrocarbons.

(1) Aromatic Hydro carbon

  (2) Alycyclic Hydrocarbon

(1) Aromatic Hydrocarbon: - Such a hydrocarbon which has at least one cycle which is made up of six carbon atoms and in which there is alternating single covalent bond and double bond between the carbon atoms. Covalent bonds remain, they are called Aromatic Hydro carbon.

as :-  Begene - C6H6, Naphthalene - C10H8

(2) Alycyclic Hydrocarbon:- A hydrocarbon which does not have alternating single covalent bond and double covalent bond in the cycle like Aromatic Hydrocarbons and whose properties are similar to the properties of open chain compounds is called alicyclic. Called hydrocarbon.

as :- cycloproplane(C3H6), Cyclobutane(C4H8)

🖊 IUPAC System (International unit of pure and applied chemicals system)

Naming of organic compounds

There are two types of names of carbonic compounds.

(i) Common Name or Trivial Name

  (ii) IUPAC Name

(1) Common Name:- The name of a carbonic compound which is kept on the basis of its history is called common name.

As-

Formic acid (HCOOH) was first obtained from red ant and the red ant is called Formicus in Latin. Hence it was named formic acid.

(ii) IUPAC Name: - According to ISUPAC system, all carbonic compounds are considered derivatives of Alkene or Saturated Hydro carbon. Therefore, their name is kept by adding appropriate prefix or suffix to Allken's name. Such name is called IUPASC Name.

As:-

(1) Saturated hydro carbon- Saturated hydro carbon is called Alkene or Paraffin. Its general formula is (CnH2n + 2). It is named after the history of the first four members of the group.

That is, methane, ethane, propane and butane and the higher members after them are named in such a way that the number of atoms present in them is represented by Roman number and the suffix "ane" is added at the end.

Common Name - IUPAC Name - Formula

1. Pentane - Pentane - C5H12 {C5H2x5+2 }

2.Hexane - Hexane - C6H14 {C6H2x6+2 }

Alkane members have the same common name and IUPAC name.

(ⅱ) Alkyl Radical (Alkyl Group):- The group that remains after removing one hydrogen atom from the alkane molecule is called Alkyl Radical.

That is- CH4-H = H3 (methyl)

The general formula of this compound is CnH2n + 1 and the common name and IUPAC name of the compounds of this group are the same.

They are named like this.

The "ane" of alkane is changed to "yl".

common name - IUPACName - Formula

1. methyl - methyl - CH3 { CH2x1 + 1 }

2. Ethyl - Ethyl - C2H5 { CH2x2 + 1 }

🖊 (iii) Double bound unsaturated Hydro carbon is called Ethylene or Olefin or Alkene. General formula of compounds of this group = CnH2n. The common name of the compounds of this group is kept in such a way that "ane" of Alkene is changed to "ylene" and the IUPAC name is kept in such a way that "ane" of Alkene is changed to "ene". .

  common name - IUPAC name - formula

1. Ethylene -- Ethene - C2H4 { C2H2x2}

2. Propylene -- Propene - C3H6 { C3H3x2}

3.Butylene - Butene - C4H8 { C4H4x2}

🖊 Triple bound unsaturated hydro carbon is called acetylene or alkyne. General formula of the compound of this group = CnH2n - 2. The common name of the compounds of this group is written in such a way that the first members of this group are called Acetylene and instead the higher members are considered its derivatives. And the IUPAC name is kept in such a way that Alkene “ane” is changed to “ye”.

Common Name ---- IUPAC Name --- Formula

1. Acelytene - Ethyne - C2H2 {C2H2x2-2}

2. methyl Acetylene - propyne - C3H4 {C3H3x2-2}

3. Dimethyl Acetylem - Butyne - C4H6 {C4H4x2-2}

Dear Asif Sir