Page 166 - Class 10 Chemistry Chapter Metal and Non - metal Notes

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Chapter - Metal and Non - metal

• There are three types of elements – metals, non-metals and metalloids.
• Metals are found in nature in free state or in the form of their compounds.
• Minerals are those natural substances found inside the earth in which compounds of metals are found. As
Manganese, Bauxide etc.
• Ore is a mineral. From which extraction of metals is profitable and in which the quantity of metal is high.
•The property of metals by which they can be made into thin sheets by beating them with a hammer. This property of metals is called malleability. Gold and silver are the most non-expandable metals.
•The property of metals by which they can be stretched and made into thin wires, this property of metals is called tensile.
• The homogeneous mixture of a metal with another metal or non-metal is called alloy. them in molten state
Is obtained by keeping.

• Mineral ores obtained from the earth contain many impurities like soil, sand etc. which are called gangue.

• The process of coating zinc on a metal is called galvanization.

• The process of extracting metal from ore and making it useful by refining it is called metallurgy. • Metals are ductile, malleable, shiny and good conductors of heat and electricity. Except mercury, all metals are solid at room temperature. Mercury is liquid at room temperature.
• Metals are electropositive elements because they themselves convert into positive ions by giving electrons to non-metals.

• Metals combine with oxygen to form basic oxides. Aluminum oxide and zinc oxide, basic oxide and acidic oxide exhibit the properties of grains. These oxides are called amphoteric oxides.

• Converting carbonate ores into oxide by heating the ore in the absence of air is called calcination.

• Converting sulphide ores into oxides by heating them in the presence of air is called roasting.

• Different metals have different reactivity with water and dilute acids.
• The process of heating natural rhombus with sulfur is called valvanization of rhombus. This is done to improve their qualities.

• The list of common metals arranged in descending order on the basis of reactivity is called reactivity series. Metals located above hydrogen in the activity series can displace hydrogen from dilute acids.

• More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their salt solutions.
• A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal or a non-metal is called alloy. The surface of some metals like iron gets corroded when exposed to humid air for a long time. This phenomenon is called corrosion.

• The properties of non-metals are opposite to those of metals. They are neither malleable nor ductile. Apart from graphite, all non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Graphite is a conductor of electricity.

• Non-metals are electronegative elements because they react with metals to form negatively charged ions by gaining electrons.

• Non-metals form oxides which are acidic or neutral.

• Non-metals do not displace hydrogen from acids. It reacts with hydrogen to form hydride.
• Sodium and potassium are two metals which can be cut with a knife.
• Gallium and cesium are two metals which melt when placed on the palm.
• The nature of oxides of metals is basic whereas the nature of oxides of non-metals is acidic.
• Calcium floats in cold water while magnesium floats in hot water.

• To make steel harder, 0.05% carbon is added to it.

Question 1.
What is metal?
Answer-
Metals are those elements which lose electrons and form positive ions. The outermost shell of a metal generally contains one, two or three electrons. Metals are shiny and solid. Metal is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Question 2.
What is non-metal?
Answer-
 Non-metals are those elements which form negative ions by taking electrons. Non-metal atoms have five, six, seven and eight electrons in their outermost shell. Except hydrogen and helium, non-metals are solid, liquid and gas. These are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Question 3.
 What is a mineral? ,
Answer-
Minerals are those natural substances found inside the earth in which compounds of metals are found. Like manganese, bauxite etc.

Question 4.
 What is ore?
Answer-
 Ore is a mineral. From which extraction of metals is profitable and in which the quantity of metal is high. All ores are minerals but not all minerals are ores. The mineral which obtains an element in the cheapest way is called ore of that element.

Question 5.
What is called gang?
Answer-
 Mineral ores obtained from the earth contain many impurities like soil, sand etc. which are called gangue.

Question 6.
What is metallic or metallic order?
Answer-
 The process of extracting metals from ore and obtaining metals is called metallic or metallurgical process.

Question 7.
What is calcination?
Answer-
Converting carbonate ores into oxide by heating the ore in the absence of air is called calcination.

Question 8.
What is ore enrichment?
Answer-
 The process of removing undesirable impurities from ores is called enrichment or beneficiation of ore.

Question 9.
What is Bharjan?
Answer-
 Converting sulphide ores into oxides by heating them in the presence of air is called roasting.

Question 10.
 What is metal finishing? How many methods of metal finishing are there?
Answer-
 Purifying impure metals is called metal refining.
There are four methods of metal finishing.
1. Liquidation
2. Distillation
3. Electrolytic Refining
4. Zone finishing method

Question 11.
What is corrosion of metal?
Answer-
Corrosion of metal is a slow process of decay of metal, which due to the action of air (oxygen) and moisture and pollutants present around it, forms a layer of metal oxide on itself and due to which the metal gradually decays. It seems This is called corrosion of metal. Rusting of iron is an example of iron corrosion.

Question 12.
What is valvanization of rhombus?
Answer-
The process of heating natural rhombus with sulfur is called valvanization of rhombus. This is done to improve their qualities.

Question 13.
What is meant by malleability and ductility?
Answer-
Malleability – That property of metals by which they can be made into thin sheets by beating them with a hammer. This property of metals is called malleability. Gold and silver are the most non-expandable metals. Tensile: The property of metals by which they can be stretched and made into thin wires is called tensile.

Question 14. What is alloy?
Answer-
Homogeneous mixture of any metal with another metal or non-metal is called alloy. They are obtained by keeping them in molten state.

Question 15.
Write two methods of preventing corrosion of metals.
Answer-
1. By insulating method, corrosion of metal can be prevented by applying a layer of insulating layer between air and metal. This is done by applying paint, varnish or electroplating tin, copper, chromium, nickel. This process is called galvanization.
2. In this process, corrosion of the metal can be prevented by covering the element with a layer of zinc through the emission method.

Question 16.
 What is hot coating or galvanization or galvanization?
Answer-
 The process of coating zinc on any metal is called galvanization. ,

Question 17.
Describe the methods of enriching ore.
Answer-
1. Fluid driven winnowing – This method is used to enrich oxide ore. Gangue particles are generally lighter than ore particles. In this process, the corroded and finely ground ore is washed through a water container. As a result, after the light gangue particles flow with the water stream, we get heavy ore particles.
2. Foam flotation process – This method is especially used to separate copper, zinc and lead sulphide ores from gangue. In this process, powdered ore is mixed with water in a big tank to make saffron. After that pine oil is added to it. In this step, when air is blown at high speed, it results in light oil foam which mainly consists of sulphide ore. It rises up and floats on the upper surface of the tank in the form of scum. Which is rubbed and dried. Since ore gangue is heavy. Therefore, after being immersed in water, they get deposited at the bottom of the tank.
3. Electromagnetic separation: Magnetic ores are separated by this method. In magnetic separation, there is a leather belt which rotates on two rollers, one of which is electro-magnetic. The finely ground ore is poured at one end of the rotating belt. So the magnetic part of the ore gets attracted by the magnet and gets collected as one near it.
4. Chemical separation: In the process of chemical separation, ore and gangue are made on the basis of difference in their chemical properties. Various chemical processes are used to obtain pure metal from this process.

Question 18.
What is reduction?
Answer-
 The process of obtaining metals from metal compounds is called reduction.

Question 19.
Write the names of two metals which are the best conductors of heat.
Answer-
  Silver and copper.

Question 20.
Write the names of the two most semi-metallic metals.
Answer-
  Gold and silver.

Question 21.
Write the names of two metals which can be easily cut with a knife. ,
Answer-
  Sodium and potassium. ,

Question 22.
Write the names of those two metals whose melting point is so low that they melt as soon as they are held on the hand.
Answer-
  Gallium and cesium.

Question 23.
  Name one metal and one non-metal which is found in liquid state at room temperature.
Answer-
  Metal - Mercury, Non-Metal - Bromine

Question 24.
  Name a non-metal whose surface is shiny.
Answer-
  iodine

Question 25.
What nature of oxides do metals and non-metals form? ,
Answer-
  Metals form basic oxides and non-metals form acidic oxides.

Question 26.
  Name the allotrope of carbon which is the hardest substance known so far. ,
Answer-
  Diamond

Question 27.
Write the names of those two metals which float when kept in water.
Answer-
  Calcium and Magnesium.

Question 28.
  Which two metals produce hydrogen gas when reacted with dilute nitric acid?
Answer-
  Magnesium and manganese.

Question 29.
  Why are sodium and potassium metals kept immersed in kerosene?
Answer-
  Sodium and potassium react very rapidly with air and water even at normal temperatures. If it is kept in the open, it also catches fire. Therefore, for its safety it is kept immersed in kerosene oil.

Question 30.
What is the color of the flame when magnesium metal burns in air?
Answer-
  Light green and blue.

Question 31.
Name two metals which do not react with water but react with steam.
Answer-
  Aluminum and Iron.

Question 32.
How are bonds formed in sodium chloride?
Answer-
  Ionic bond.

Question 33.
  Name the reducing agent in the following chemical reaction. Fe203 + Al Al203 + Fe
Answer-
  aluminum

Question 34.
  Name the method by which the metals at the top of the activity series are extracted.
Answer-
  Electrolytic reduction.

Question 35.
  Name a cheap reducing agent commonly used in the extraction of metals.
Answer-
  Carbon .

Question 36.
  In electrolytic refining, which is the electrode made of impure metal and which is the electrode made of pure metal?
Answer-
(i) Electrode made of impure metal is made anode. (ii) An electrode made of pure metal is made cathode.

Question 37.
Write the name of the electrolyte used in electrolytic refining of copper.
Answer-
  acidified copper sulphate solution

Question 38.
What is amalgam?
Answer-
If one metal is mercury then its alloy is called amalgam.

Question 39.
  How is stainless steel obtained from iron?
Answer-
  By mixing nickel and chromium with iron we get stainless steel. To make it harder, about 0.05 percent carbon is added.

Question 40.
What is called alloy? ,
Answer-
  A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals is called alloy. Like stainless steel, bronze, brass, solder etc.

Question 41.
Write the name of an alloy made of copper and zinc.
Answer-
Brass

Question 42.
  Write the name of an alloy made of copper and tin.
Answer-
  Bronze.

Question 43.
  Write the name of the alloy made of lead and tin.
Answer-
  solder

Question 44.
Write the uses of solder. ,
Answer-
  It is used for interconnecting electrical wires.

Question 45.
Why is pure gold not used for making jewellery?
Answer-
  Pure gold is of 24 carats and is very soft. Therefore pure gold is not used for making jewellery.

Question 46.
  How to make pure gold suitable for making jewellery?
Answer-
  Pure gold is made hard by adding 2% copper. Because pure gold is not suitable for making jewelery it is very soft.

Question 47.
  Write the name of the insoluble impurities deposited below the anode during electrolytic refining of metal.
Answer-
  Anode Punk.

2 marks questions (Examination Based)

Question 1.
  Why aluminum cannot be obtained by reducing aluminum ore with carbon?
Answer-
  Because aluminum is high in activity range. Whereas the metal is obtained by reducing the ores of metals falling in the middle of the activity range with carbon.

Question 2.
How is the extraction of ores of metals falling in the middle of the activity range done?
Answer-
  Metals are obtained by reducing the ores of metals falling in the middle of the activity range with carbon.

Question 3.
 How is the extraction of ores of metals falling below the activity range done?
Answer-
  By heating.

Question 4.
  Write two properties of stainless steel and why carbon is added to make it?
Answer-
  Two properties of stainless steel:-
(i) It is hard. (ii) It does not rust.
By adding carbon it becomes extremely hard, hence carbon is added to make it.

Question 5.
  An element A reacts with oxygen to form an oxide whose solution in water turns red litmus blue. Is element A a metal or non-metal?
Answer-
  Since metals are alkaline, they have the property of turning red litmus blue. The nature of metal oxide is basic, hence A is a metal.

Question 6.
Do most metals react with nitric acid to produce hydrogen? Give reason.
Answer-
  No, not all metals react with nitric acid to produce hydrogen gas. Because HNO3 is a strong oxidant which oxidizes the generated H2 and converts it into water and itself gets reduced to some oxide of nitrogen.

Question 7.
Why is the boiling point of sodium chloride high? ,
Answer-
  Sodium chloride is an ionic compound, hence it has a high boiling point. Because breaking the strong inter-ionic attraction requires a lot of energy.

Question 8.
  Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
Answer-
Ionic compounds have high melting points because a lot of energy is required to break the strong interionic attraction.

Question 9.
Why are ionic compounds solid and hard?
Answer-
  Due to the strong force of attraction between positive and negative ions, ionic compounds are solid and hard.

๐Ÿ–Š Following are the names of famous ores of some metals and non-metals.
   1. Names of famous iron ores
(A) Hematite (Fe203)
(B) Manganite (Fe3O4)
(C) Siderite (FeCO3)
(D) Iron pyrite (FeS2)

Note - Iron is extracted from Fe2O3(Hematite)

  2. Names of famous copper ores
(A) Copperglass (Cu2S)
(B) Copper pyrites (CuFeS2)
(C) Cuprite (Cu2O)
(D) Dirty Kite - Cu(OH)2, CuCO3

Note- Copper is extracted from CuFeS2.

3. Names of famous ores of aluminum
(A) Buxide (Al2O3),2H2O
(B) Corundum (A203)
(a) Cryolite (Na3Al Fe6)

Note- Aluminum is extracted from bauxite.

4. Names of famous ores of sodium
(A) Rock salt (NaCl)
(B) Caustic soda (NaOH)
(C) Chile Salt Peter (NaNO3)
(D) Clay (Na2SO4, 10H2O)
(E) Sohaga (Na2B4O7, 10H2O)

Note- Sodium is extracted with caustic soda (NaOH).

5. Names of major ores of Zinc
(A) Zinc Blend (ZnS)
(B) Calamine (ZnCO3)
(C)Zinc Kite (znO)

Note:- Extraction of zinc is done with zinc blende (ZnS) or calamine (ZnCO3).

Non metal

1. Names of major ores of silk
(A) Silica (SiO2)
(B) Mica or mica (KH2 Al(Si4)
  Note:-  Silicon is extracted from silica.

2. Names of major ores of phosphorus

(A) Phosphorite (ca3) (PO4)2

Note:- Phosphorus extraction is done from phosphorite.

3. Names of major ores of sulfur
(A) Cinnabar (Hgs)
  (B) Zinc Blend (ZnS)
(C) Copper pyrites (CuFeS2)

Note:- Sulfur is extracted by Frash Process.

๐Ÿ–Š Some chemical formulas
1. Iron Pyride – FeS2
2. Lead Sulphide or Galena – PbS
3. Arsenic Sulphide or Orpiment AS2S3
4. Gypsum – CaSO4, 2H2O
5. Heavy spar = BaSO4
6. Epsom Salt = mgSO4, 7H2O
7. Clay or glaubars Salt -Na₂SO4, 10H2O

๐Ÿ–Š Activity Series of metals - Activity series of metals is a list in which metals are arranged in ascending order.
Following are the reactivity series of metals
(1) k ⟶ most active
(2) Ca
(3)Na
(4) Mg
(5) Al
(6)Zn
(7) Fe
(8) Sn
(9)Pb
(10)H2
(11)Cu
(12)Hg
(13) Ag
(14) Au
(15) Pt - platinum
  Au least active

๐Ÿ–Š Chemical Bond → The force that binds molecules together and holds them together is called chemical bond.
There are three types of chemical bonds
  (1) Electrovalent bond or Ionic bond
(2) Covalent bond
(3) Co-ordinate bond (sub co-ordinate)

(1) Electrovalent bond - A bond formed by complete transfer of one or more electrons from an atom of a metal to an atom of a metal is called an electrovalent bond.
Eg :- Nacl
(2) Covalent bond - The bond formed by sharing of equal number of 2 electrons between two similar or dissimilar atoms is called covalent bond.
Eg :- Hydrogen - H+ H→ 14₂ cir

(3) Sub-covalent bond:- Sub-covalent bond is also a type of covalent bond. In which only one atom gets the sharing electron pair. The atom which gives the electron pair for sharing is called donor and the atom which shares the electron pair without giving its electron is called acceptor. To visually visualize the donor and acceptor atoms, this bond is represented by an arrow (→).
Eg :- NH4 = HINH
๐Ÿ–Š There are three types of co-valent bonds.
(1) single covalent bond
(2) Double covalent bond
(3) Tripple Covalent bond 

(1) Single covalent bond:- When two atoms share each other by giving one electron, then the bond formed in this way is called single covalent bond.
Eg :-
Note – Single covalent bond is represented by 2 dots or a dash.

(2)Double covalent bond:- When two atoms share with each other by giving 2-2 electrons, then the bond thus formed is called second covalent bond.
  Eg :-
Note- Double covalent bond is represented by four dots or two dashes.

(3) Triple covalent bond: - When two atoms share with each other by giving 3-3 electrons, then the bond formed in this way is called tertiary covalent bond.
Eg :- N+NHH NENIN₂

๐Ÿ–Š Lone pair - Such pairs of electrons which do not participate in the formation of covalent bonds. They are called lone pair or deserted pair.
  Eg :- N +3'HHHH-NH
That is, the formation of ammonium from nitrogen and hydrogen or HNO3 is called a lone pair.

๐Ÿ–Š Bonding pair → Such pairs of electrons which participate in the formation of covalent bonds are called bonding pairs.

Dear Asif Sir 

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