Page 212 - Class 10th, Biology, Chapter 1 - Biological Process: Nutrition, Bharati Bhavan Book Solutions

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Class 10th, Biology, Bharati Bhawan Book Solution
Chapter 1 - Biological Processes: Nutrition

๐Ÿ–Š Very short answer questions and answers:

Question 1. What is biological process?
Answer:- All those activities by which living organisms are maintained are called biological processes.

Question 2. Why is the need for oxygen in multicellular organisms not fulfilled by diffusion?
Answer:- The body parts of multicellular organisms are complex and all the cells are not in direct contact with the environment. Due to which they are not able to get oxygen through diffusion. Therefore, the need for oxygen in multicellular organisms is not fulfilled by diffusion.

Question 3. What are the two main methods of nutrition in living beings?
Answer:- (i) Self-nutrition (ii) But-nutrition

Question 4. What type of nutrition is found in green plants?
Answer:- Self-nutrition is found in green plants.

Question 5. Which method of nutrition is found in animals?
Answer:- Para-nutrition is found in animals.

Question 6. Name three types of nutrition methods.
Answer:- (i) Saprotrophic nutrition (ii) Parasitic nutrition (iii) Zoological nutrition

Question 7. Write the chemical equation of the entire process of photosynthesis.
Answer:- 

Question 8. What is formed as a by-product in the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:- Oxygen is produced as a by-product in the process of photosynthesis.

Question 9. Why does photosynthesis take place only in green leaves or chloroplasts?Answer:- Chlorophyll pigment is found in chloroplast which is necessary for photosynthesis. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis occurs only in chloroplasts.

Question 10. Which substances are required in the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:- The following substances are required in the process of photosynthesis.
(i) Sunlight (ii) Chlorophyll pigment (iii) Carbon dioxide (iv) Water

Question 11. From where do plants obtain CO2 for the photosynthesis process?
Answer:- Do plants obtain CO2 from the atmosphere for the photosynthesis process?

Question 12. Why is the process of photosynthesis not found in fungi and bacteria?
Answer:- Chlorophyll pigment is absent in fungi and bacteria. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis is not found in fungi and bacteria.

Question 13. From the point of view of nutrition, what type of animals are Amoeba and Paramecium?
Answer:- From the point of view of nutrition, Amoeba and Paramecium are monotrophic animals.

Question 14. Into which main parts is the human alimentary canal divided?
Answer:- The human alimentary canal is divided into the following main parts.
(i) Oral cavity (ii) Stomach (iii) Gall bladder (iv) Small intestine (v) Large intestine

Question 15. Write the names of two holes located in the pharynx.
Answer:- The names of two holes located in the pharynx are (i) pharynx and (ii) pharynx.

Question 16. In humans, digestion starts from which part of the alimentary canal?
Answer:- It happens from the oral cavity.

Question 17. In which part of the human alimentary canal does the absorption of digested food take place?
Answer:- Digested food is absorbed in the small intestine of the human alimentary canal.

Question 18. Where is chlorophyll pigment found?
Answer:- Chlorophyll pigment is found in chloroplast.

Question 19. What do plants produce through the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:- Plants produce the following things through the process of photosynthesis
(i) Our food (glucose) (ii) Oxygen

Question 20. What is a dead person called?
Answer:- What is a dead living organism called decomposer?

Question 21. What are the organisms from whose body parasites obtain their food called?
Answer:- Called host.

Question 22. What type of nutrition is found in dung hive?
Answer:- Sacrobiotic nutrition is found in cow dung hive.

Question 23. Which part of the leaves is the entrance gate for air containing CO2?
Answer:- Stomata

Question 24. What are animals called from the point of view of nutrition?
Answer:- From the point of view of nutrition, animals are called heterotrophs.

Question 25. Where does digestion of food take place in amoeba?
Answer:- In amoeba, digestion of food takes place in the vacuole.

Question 26. What is the special organ for digestion in humans called?
Answer:- The special organ for digestion in humans is called alimentary canal.

Question 27. What is the structure found on the upper surface of the human tongue called?
Answer:-The structures found on the upper surface of the human tongue are called taste buds.

Question 28. Where does food reach from the oral cavity?
Answer:- Food reaches the esophagus from the oral cavity.

Question 29. What is the wave-like contraction and expansion in the wall of the esophagus called?
Answer:- The wave-like contraction and expansion in the wall of the esophagus is called peristalsis.

Question 30. Which enzyme converts the protein present in food into peptone?
Answer:- Which pepsin converts the protein present in food into peptone?

Question 31. What is the longest part of the alimentary canal called?
Answer:-The longest part of the alimentary canal is called the small intestine.

Question 32. What is the largest gland of the body?
Answer:- The largest gland of the body is the liver gland.

Question 33. Where is the process of digestion completed?
Answer:- Where does the process of digestion take place in the ileum of the small intestine?

Question 34. What is the tube located at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine called?
Answer:- The tube located at the junction of small intestine and large intestine is called cecum.

Question 35. Where is undigested food stored temporarily?
Answer:- Undigested food remains temporarily stored in the rectum.

๐Ÿ–Š Short answer questions and answers:
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๐Ÿ–Š long answer question:
1. What is nutrition? Mention the various methods of nutrition occurring in living organisms.
Answer:- The method by which living beings consume food items and use them is called nutrition.

Different types of nutrition :-

(i) Autotrophic:- They prepare their own food with the help of light energy through CO2 and water.
 as :- Green plants.

(ii) Heterotrophic:- They get their food from other sources.
 as :- Humans, other animals.

(iii) Saprophytic:- They take their food from dead or rotten substances.
as :- Fungi, Bacteria, Protozoa

(iv) Parasitic Nutrition:- They obtain food from other organisms.
as :- Amarbel, tapeworm, hookworm, bacteria

(v) Animal feeders:- They consume their food in the form of solid or liquid.
as :- amoeba, frog, human

2. Briefly explain the process of photosynthesis.
Answer:- The process by which plants prepare their own food is called photosynthesis. All green plants have chlorophyll which has the ability to absorb sunlight. By trapping/dispersing the solar energy present in sunlight, converting it into chemical energy and incorporating it into the synthesized glucose molecules. Plants not only produce glucose through this process – they also fix the radiant energy of sunlight into chemical energy, which is stored in glucose molecules.
We express the entire process of photosynthesis by the following chemical equation.

It is clear from the above equation that in this process oxygen is formed as a by-product, which is released into the atmosphere by the plants.

3. Use an experiment to show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.
Answer:- Pluck a spotted leaf of a croton or coleus. Underline its green and white spots. Put this leaf in water kept in a beaker and boil it for some time and after boiling, add it to hot alcohol or spirit. Now keep the beaker containing this alcohol in water bath and boil it. After some time you will see that the spirit is turning green. Because the green pigment chlorophyll present in the leaf comes out of the leaf and slowly dissolves in alcohol. When the leaf becomes colorless or light yellow or white, leave the beaker to cool.

After it cools down, wash the leaves thoroughly in water. After this, place this leaf in a petri dish and put a few drops of iodine on it. You will see that the green spotted part of the leaf becomes dark blue, but the white spotted part of the leaf does not turn blue. This means that iodine had no effect on the white part. Why did this happen ? Green spotted part was present, hence photosynthesis took place in that part, due to which starch is formed in it, but chlorophyll is absent in the white spotted part of the leaf. That is why the process of photosynthesis took place in that part and starch was formed. This proves that the process of photosynthesis cannot occur without chlorophyll.

4. Describe an experiment to prove that CO 2 is necessary for photosynthesis.

Answer:- Take a potted plant till the time of darkness so that starch is not used in it.
Take a wide mouth bottle. Take some KOH solution in it. Now pluck a leaf from the above mentioned plants and put it in the bottle with a torn cork in such a way that half of the leaf remains outside and half remains inside.

Carbon dioxide gas is necessary in the process of photosynthesis. Make this apparatus airtight and take the light out of the bottle in time. Now boil it in alcohol so that chlorophyll gets destroyed. Now place the leaf in a petri dish and add a few drops of iodine solution on it.
The half of the leaf that was outside in the environment is blue, indicating the presence of starch, and the half of the leaf that was inside the bottle is blue, indicating its absence.

5. What is the food of amoeba? Describe the nutrition of amoeba.
Answer:- Amoeba nourishes by zootrophic method.
It is an omnivorous animal. Its food is in the form of micro-organisms like bacteria, algae, diatoms etc. floating in water.

Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition which is comprised of the following steps:
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation and Egestion.

Ingestion:-Amoeba makes finger like projections called pseudopodia . Amoeba trap food particles with  the help of pseudopodia. After that Amoeba takes in the food particle along with water .

Digestion:- Amoeba makes food vacuole after ingestion the food particle. Enzymes are released in the food vacuole for Digestion.

Absorption:-After digestion, nutrients enter the cytoplasm through Osmosis.

Assimilation:-Nutrients are utilized by the cell for various purposes.

Egestion:-Food vacuole goes near the cell membrane to empty its contents outside the cell. This result in the expulsion of waste material from the cell.

6. Describe the structure of the human alimentary canal.
Answer:- 

The alimentary canal of humans is a coiled structure. Whose length ranges from 8 to 10 meters. It starts from the main cavity and extends till the anus.

The following is a description of the structure of different parts of the alimentary canal.
(i) Oral cavity:- Oral cavity is the first part of the alimentary canal. This upper and lower
It is surrounded by jaws. Two fleshy lips to close the mouth cavity are there. The oral cavity contains the tongue and teeth.

(ii) Stomach:- It is a wide sac like structure which starts from the left side of the abdominal cavity and extends in the transverse direction. The front part of the stomach is called cardiac part and the back part is called pyloric part. 

(iii) Small intestine:- This is the longest part of the alimentary canal. Its shape is cylindrical. The process of digestion is completed in this part of the alimentary canal. In humans its length is 6 meters and width is 2.5 centimeters. The small intestine is divided into three parts (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). 

(iv) Pancreas:- Just below the stomach and surrounding the duodenum, there is a yellow colored gland which is called pancreas.

7. Describe the process of digestion in the human alimentary canal.
Answer:- In humans, digestion starts from the oral cavity and ends in the small intestine. The entire process of digestion can be briefly described as follows.

(i) Oral cavity:- Man takes food through the mouth. The teeth located in the mouth chew the food particles due to which the food gets divided into small particles. Saliva released from salivary glands mixes well with food. Saliva makes the food sticky, smooth and pulpy, due to which the food easily passes through the esophagus and reaches the stomach.

(ii) Stomach:- When food reaches the stomach, the food is churned there due to which the food gets broken into smaller pieces. 

(iii) Duodenum:- When the food reaches the duodenum after digestion in the stomach, the bile juice coming from the liver reacts with the food to form fat and makes the medium alkaline due to which the enzymes present in the digestive juice coming from the pancreas become active. Digests the proteins, carbohydrates and fats present in it.

(iv) Small intestine:- After digestion in the duodenum, when the food reaches the small intestine, the enzymes present in the intestinal juice digest the remaining undigested proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

(v) Large intestine:- After digestion and absorption of food in the small intestine, when the food reaches the large intestine, excess water is absorbed there, digestion of food in the large intestine. The waste part of food accumulates here and is periodically removed from the body through feces.

8. Make a neat labeled diagram of human alimentary canal. No description needed.
Answer:-

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